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          使用维基百科解释名词
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            · Saturday, Sep 5, 2020
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      <article style="margin-top: 2rem;"><h1 id="computer"><em><strong>computer</strong></em></h1>
<p>A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A &ldquo;complete&rdquo; computer including the hardware, the operating system <em>(main software)</em>, and peripheral equipment required and used for &ldquo;full&rdquo; operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term may as well be used for a group of computers that are connected and work together, in particular a computer network or computer cluster.</p>
<p>电子计算机（亦称电脑）是利用数字电子技术，根据一系列指令指示并且自动执行任意算术或逻辑操作串行的设备。通用计算机因有能遵循被称为“程序”的一般操作集的能力而使得它们能够执行极其广泛的任务。</p>
<p>计算机被用作各种工业和消费设备的控制系统。这包括简单的特定用途设备（如微波炉和遥控器）、工业设备（如工业机器人和计算机辅助设计），及通用设备（如个人电脑和智能手机之类的移动设备）等。尽管计算机种类繁多，但根据图灵机理论，一部具有着基本功能的计算机，应当能够完成任何其它计算机能做的事情。因此，理论上从智能手机到超级计算机都应该可以完成同样的作业（不考虑时间和存储因素）。由于科技的飞速进步，下一代计算机总是在性能上能够显著地超过其前一代，这一现象有时被称作“摩尔定律”。通过互联网，计算机互相连接，极大地提高了信息交换速度，反过来推动了科技的发展。在21世纪的现在，计算机的应用已经涉及到方方面面，各行各业了。</p>
<p><img src="https://lindixuan.gitee.io/post/assets/computer.jpg" alt="computer"></p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="computer-science"><em><strong>Computer science</strong></em></h1>
<p>Computer science is the study of computation and information.Computer science deals with theory of computation, algorithms, computational problems and the design of computer systems hardware, software and applications.Computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, such as communication, control, perception, learning and intelligence especially in human-made computing systems and machines</p>
<p>计算机科学是系统性研究信息与计算的理论基础以及它们在计算机系统中如何实现与应用的实用技术的学科。它通常被形容为对那些创造、描述以及转换信息的算法处理的系统研究。计算机科学包含很多分支领域；有些强调特定结果的计算，比如计算机图形学；而有些是探讨计算问题的性质，比如计算复杂性理论；还有一些领域专注于怎样实现计算，比如编程语言理论是研究描述计算的方法，而程序设计是应用特定的编程语言解决特定的计算问题，人机交互则是专注于怎样使计算机和计算变得有用、好用，以及随时随地为人所用。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="software"><em><strong>Software</strong></em></h1>
<p>Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own.<br>
软件是一系列按照特定顺序组织的电脑数据和指令，是电脑中的非有形部分。电脑中的有形部分称为硬件，由电脑的外壳及各零件及电路所组成。电脑软件需有硬件才能运作，反之亦然，软件和硬件都无法在不互相配合的情形下进行实际的运作。
一般来说，计算机软件划分为编程语言、系统软件、应用软件和介于这两者之间的中间件。其中系统软件为计算机使用提供最基本的功能，但是并不针对某一特定应用领域。而应用软件则恰好相反，不同的应用软件根据用户和所服务的领域提供不同的功能。</p>
<p>软件包括所有在电脑运行的程序，和其架构无关，例如可执行文件、库及脚本语言都属于软件。软件不分架构，有其共通的特性，在运行后可以让硬件运行依设计时要求的机能。软件存储在存储器中，软件不是可以碰触到的实体，可以碰触到的都只是存储软件的零件（存储器）或是介质（光盘或磁片等）。</p>
<p>软件并不一定只包括可以在计算机上运行的计算机程序，有些定义中，与计算机程序相关的文档，一般也被认为是软件的一部分。简单的说软件就是程序加文档的集合体。软件被应用于世界的各个领域，对人们的生活和工作都产生了深远的影响。</p>
<p><img src="https://lindixuan.gitee.io/post/assets/software.png" alt="software"></p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="software-engineering"><em><strong>Software engineering</strong></em></h1>
<p>Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering approaches to the development of software. Software engineering is a computing discipline.</p>
<p>软件工程，是软件开发领域里对工程方法的系统应用。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title=" Software engineering"> Software engineering</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="alan-turing"><em><strong>Alan Turing</strong></em></h1>
<p><em>Alan Mathison Turing</em> OBE FRS <em>(/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954)</em> was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime due to the prevalence of homophobia at the time and because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.<br>
艾伦·麦席森·图灵，OBE，FRS（英语：Alan Mathison Turing，又译阿兰·图灵，Turing也常翻译成涂林或者杜林，1912年6月23日－1954年6月7日）是英国计算机科学家、数学家、逻辑学家、密码分析学家和理论生物学家，他被誉为计算机科学与人工智能之父。<br>
二次世界大战期间， （Hut 8）小组，负责德国海军密码分析。 期间他设计了一些加速破译德国密码的技术，包括改进波兰战前研制的机器Bombe，一种可以找到恩尼格玛密码机设置的机电机器。 图灵在破译截获的编码信息方面发挥了关键作用，使盟军能够在包括大西洋战役在内的许多重要交战中击败纳粹，并因此帮助赢得了战争。</p>
<p>图灵对于人工智能的发展有诸多贡献，例如图灵曾写过一篇名为《计算机器和智能》的论文，提问“机器会思考吗？”（Can Machines Think?），作为一种用于判定机器是否具有智能的测试方法，即图灵测试。至今，每年都有试验的比赛。此外，图灵提出的著名的图灵机模型为现代计算机的逻辑工作方式奠定了基础。</p>
<p><img src="https://lindixuan.gitee.io/post/assets/alan.jpg" alt="Alan"></p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title=" Alan Turing"> Alan Turing</a></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="moores-law"><em><strong>Moore’s law</strong></em></h1>
<p>Moore&rsquo;s law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore&rsquo;s law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production.</p>
<p>The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and CEO and co-founder of Intel, who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit,[a] and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40%. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a &ldquo;law.&rdquo;<br>
摩尔定律（英语：Moore&rsquo;s law）是由英特尔（Intel）创始人之一戈登·摩尔提出的。其内容为：集成电路上可容纳的晶体管数目，约每隔两年便会增加一倍；经常被引用的“18个月”，是由英特尔首席执行官大卫·豪斯（David House）提出：预计18个月会将芯片的性能提高一倍（即更多的晶体管使其更快），是一种以倍数增长的观测。<br>
半导体行业大致按照摩尔定律发展了半个多世纪，对二十世纪后半叶的世界经济增长做出了贡献，并驱动了一系列科技创新、社会改革、生产效率的提高和经济增长。个人电脑、因特网、智能手机等技术改善和创新都离不开摩尔定律的延续。</p>
<p>尽管摩尔定律的现象已经被观察到了数十年，它仍应该被视为是对现象的观测或对未来的推测，而不是一个物理定律或者自然界的规律，从另一角度看，未来的增长率在逻辑上无法保证会跟过去的数据一样，也就是逻辑上无法保证摩尔定律会持续下去。虽然预计摩尔定律将持续到至少2020年。然而，2010年国际半导体技术发展路线图的更新增长已经在2013年年底放缓；又比如说英特尔在22纳米跟14纳米的CPU制程上已经放慢了技术更新的脚步，之后的时间里，晶体管数量密度预计只会每三年增加一倍。</p>
<p><img src="https://lindixuan.gitee.io/post/assets/moore.png" alt="moore&rsquo;law"></p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>wkipedia:</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore’s law"> Moore’s law</a></p>
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